George Happ

Pheromones & Defensive Secretions

• George Happ & Christy Yuncker Happ (2009). Crane pheromones? Cranes may sniff aphrodisiacs . Blogpost on Alaska Sandhill Crane Blog - October 9. 2010


• G. M. Happ (1984).  Chapter 5 - Pheromones and allomones. In: Insect Biology (H. E. Evans, senior author) pp. 114-140.  Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.


• G. M. Happ (1974).  Chemical signals among animals: Allomones and pheromones, In: Humoral Control of Growth and Differentiation, Nonvertebrate Neuroendocrinology and Aging, Vol. II  (J. LoBue and A. S. Gordon, eds.), pp. 149-190.  Academic  Press,NY.


• G. M. Happ (1969). Multiple sex pheromones of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor LNature 222: 180-181.(Reprinted in "Pheromones, I: Current Research,"  MSS Information  Corporation, 1974.)


• G. M. Happ (1970).  Maturation of the response of male Tenebrio molitor to  female sex pheromone. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 63: 1782.


• G. M. Happ, M. E. Schroeder & J. C. H. Wang (1970). Effects of male and female scent on reproductive maturation in young female Tenebrio molitor.J. Insect Physiol. 161543-1548. (Reprinted in "Pheromones,   II: Current  Research,"  MSS Information  Corporation, 1974.)


• G. M. Happ & C. M. Happ (1973).  Fine structure of the pygidial glands of Bledius mandibularis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Tissue and Cell 5: 243-257.


• J. W. Wheeler, G. M. Happ, J. Araujo, & J. M. Pasteels (1972) ß-Dodecalactone from rove beetles. Tetrahedron Letters 13(46): 4635-4638.


• G. M. Happ  & J. Wheeler (1969).  Bioassay, preliminary purification, and effect of age, crowding, and mating on the release of sex pheromone by female Tenebrio molitor. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62:  848-851.


• G. M. Happ (1968). Quinone and hydrocarbon production in the defensive gland of Eleodes longicollis and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). J. Insect Physiol. 14: 1821-1839.


• G. M. Happ (1967). Benzoquinones in the defensive secretion of Leichenum caniculatum variegatum (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 60: 279.


• G. M. Happ, J. D. Strandberg & C. M. Happ (1966). The terpene-producing glands of a phasmid insect. Cell morphology and histochemistry J. Morphol. 119:143-160.


• J. Meinwald, G. M. Happ, J. Labows, & T. Eisner (1966). Cyclopentanoid terpene biosynthesis on a plasmid insect and in catmint.  Science 151: 79-80.


• G. M. Happ & J. Meinwald (1966).  Biosynthesis of monoterpenes in an ant (Acanthomyops claviger). Advances in Chemistry 53: 27-33.


• G. M. Happ & J. Meinwald (1965).  Biosynthesis of arthropod secretions. I. Monoterpene synthesis in an ant (Acanthomyops claviger). J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 87: 2507-2508.


• G. M. Happ & T. Eisner (1961). Hemorrhage in a coccinellid beetle and its repellent effect on ants. Science 134: 329-331.

Behavior & Learning

• George Happ & Christy Yuncker Happ (2012). Is Sandill Crane Dance entirely innate? Does it show motor learning? Blogpost on How birds think Blog - October 2, 2012


• George Happ & Christy Yuncker Happ (2012). "Bird brained" is a bum rap. Blogpost on How birds think Blog - May 23, 2011


• Christy Yuncker Happ & George Happ (2011, 2012). Sandhill Crane Display Dictionary - What cranes say with their body language.   Waterford Press, Phoenix, Arizona  


• George Happ & Christy Yuncker Happ (2009). Death, visitations, and dance after death of a crane colt.   Blogpost on Alaska Sandhill Crane Blog - July 10, 2009


• George Happ & Christy Yuncker Happ (2009). "A Sandhill Crane Family Nesting in Alaska"- Prarie Fire Newspaper - March 2012


• G. M. Happ and G. C. Eickwort (1984).  Chapter 6 - "The  Nervous System". In: Insect Biology (H. E.   Evans, senior author) pp. 141-171. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts


• J. Somberg, G. M. Happ & A. Schneider (1970). Retention of a conditioned avoidance response following metamorphosis in mealworms. Nature 228: 87-88. 
  (Reprinted in Mental Health Digest 3(3): 34, 1971.)


• J. C. Somberg, G. M. Happ, & A. M. Schneider (1973). Habituation in mealworm pupae.  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 66: 704-706.


• T. Eisner & G. M. Happ (1962). The infrabuccal pocket of a formicine ant: a social filtration device. Psyche 69: 107-116.

Avian Influenza in Wild Birds

• V. N. Bui, H. Ogawa, Xiningen, K. Karibe, K. Matsuo, S. A. A. Awad, G. L. Minoungou, S. Yoden, H. Haneda, L. H. Ngo, S. Tamaki, Y. Yamamoto, K. Nakagama, K. Saito, Y. Watanabe, J. A. Runstadler, F. Huettmann, G. M. Happ, K. Imai (2012). H4N8 subtype avian influenza virus isolated from shorebirds contains a unique PB1 gene and causes severe respiratory disease in mice . Virology 423:77-88. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2011.11.019.


• V. N. Bui, H. Ogawa, K. Karibe, K. Matsuo, T. H. Nguyen, S. S. Awad, G. L. Minoungou, Xininigen, K. Saito, Y. Watanabe, J. A. Runstadler, G. M. Happ, K. Imai (2011). Survey of avian influenza virus in migratory water birds in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 73:209-215. doi:10.1292/jvms.10-0356 JOI JST.JSTAGE/jvms/10-0356.


• V. G. Dugan, R. Chen, D. J. Spiro, N. Sengamalay, J. Zaborsky, E. Ghedin, J. Nolting, D. E. Swayne, J. A. Runstadler, G. M. Happ, D. A. Senne, R. Wang, R. D. Slemons, E. C. Holmes, J. K. Taubenberger (2008). The evolutionary genetics and emergence of avian influenza viruses in wild birds. Plos Pathogens 4:e10076.


• R. Wang, L. Soll , V. Dugan J. A. Runstadler, G. Happ, R. D. Slemons, J. K. Taubenberger (2008). Examining the hemagglutinin subtype diversity among wild duck-origin influenza A viruses using ethanol-fixed cloacal swabs and a novel RT-PCR method. Virology 375:182-189.


• J. A. Runstadler, G. M. Happ, R. D. Slemons, Z.-M. Sheng, N. Gundlach, M. Petrula, D. Senne, J. Nolting, D. L. Evers, A. Modrell, H. Huson, S. Hills, T. Rothe, T. Marr, and J. K. Taubenberger (2007). Using RRT-PCR analysis and virus isolation to determine the prevalence of avian influenza virus infections in ducks at Minto Flats State Game Refuge, Alaska during August 2005. Archives of Virology 152:1901-1910.

Francisella novicida in mosquito cells

• A. N. Triebenbach, S. J. Vogl, L. Lotspeich-Cole, D. S. Sikes, G. M. Happ, K. Hueffer. (2010). Detection of Francisella tularensis in Alaskan mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and assessment of a laboratory model for transmission. J. Med. Entomol. 47:639-648.


• A. Read, S. J. Vogl, K. Hueffer, L. A. Gallagher, G. M. Happ (2008). Francisella genes required for replication in mosquito cells. J. Med. Entomol., 45:1108-1116. [Supplementary Movie 1] - [Supplementary Movie 2]

Major Histocompatibility Complex totogenes

Major Histocompatibility Complex genes in dogs and caribou

• L. J. Kennedy, A. Modrell, O. Groves, Z. Wei, R. M. Single, G. M. Happ (2011). Genetic diversity of the major histocompatibility complex class II in Alaskan caribou herds. International Journal of Immunogenetics 38:109-119 . doi: 10.1111/j.1744-313X.2010.00973.x.


• X. Ke, L. J. Kennedy, A. D. Short, E. H. Seppälä ,A. Barnes, D. N. Clements, S. H. Wood, S. D. Carter, G. M. Happ, H. Lohi, W. E. Ollier (2011). Assessment of the functionality of genome-wide canine SNP arrays and implications for canine disease association studies Anim Genetics. 42:181-190. DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02132.x.


• L. J. Kennedy, J. Angles, A. Barnes, L. E. Carmichael, A. D. Radford, W. E. R. Ollier, G. M. Happ. (2007). DLA-DRB-1, DQA1, and DQB1 alleles and haplotypes in North American gray wolves. Journal of Heredity 98:491-499


• L. J. Kennedy, A. Barnes, A. Short, J. J. Brown, J. Seddon, L. Fleeman, M. Brkljacic, G. M. Happ, B. Catchpole, W. E. Ollier. (2007). Canine DLA diversity: 3. Disease studies. Tissue Antigens 69 Suppl 1:292-296.


• L. J. Kennedy, A. Barnes, A. Short, J. J. Brown, S. Lester, J. Seddon, G. M. Happ, W. E. Ollier (2007). Canine DLA diversity: 2. Family studies. Tissue Antigens 69 Suppl 1:289-91.


• L. J. Kennedy, A. Barnes, A. Short, J. J. Brown, S. Lester, J. Seddon, L. Fleeman, O. Francino, M. Brkljacic, S. Knyazev, G. M. Happ, W. E. Ollier (2007). Canine DLA diversity: 1. New alleles and haplotypes. Tissue Antigens 69 Suppl 1:272-288.


• D. Masters, H. J. Huson, G. Happ, L. J. Kennedy (2006). New DLA class II alleles and haplotypes identified in an Alaskan husky dog family.  Tissue Antigens. 68:98-99


• L. J. Kennedy, S. Quarmby, G. M. Happ, A. Barnes, I. K. Ramsey, R. M. Dixon, B. Catchpole, C. Rusbridge, P. A. Graham, N. S. Hillbertz, C. Roethe, W. J. Dodds, N. G. Carmichael,W. E. Ollier (2006). Association of canine hypothyroidism with a common major histocompatibility complex DLA class II allele.Tissue Antigens. 68:82-86


• L. J. Kennedy, H. J. Huson, J.B. Leonard, J. M. Angles, L. E. Fox, J. W. Wojciechowski, C. Yuncker, G. M. Happ (2006). Association of hypothyroid disease in Doberman Pinscher dogs with a rare major histocompatibility complex DLA class II haplotype. Tissue Antigens. 67:53-56


• L. J. Kennedy, A. Barnes, G. M. Happ, R. J. Quinnell, O. Courtenay, S. D. Carter, W. E. Ollier, W. Thomson (2002). Evidence for extensive DNA polymorphisms in different dog populations. Tissue Antigens. 60:43-52


• L. J. Kennedy, A. Barnes, G. M. Happ, R.J. Quinnell , D. Bennett, J. M. Angles, M.J. Day, N. Carmichael, J. F. Innes, D. Isherwood, S. D. Carter, W. Thomson, W.E. Ollier. (2002) Extensive interbreed, but minimal intrabreed, variation of DLA class II alleles and haplotypes in dogsTissue Antigens 59:194-204


• L. J. Kennedy, J. M. Angles, A. Barnes, S. D. Carter, O. Francino, J. A. Gerlach, G. M. Happ, W. E .R. Ollier, W. Thomson, J. L. Wagner. (2001) Nomenclature for factors of dog major histocompatibility system ( DLA), 2000.  Second report of the ISAG DLA Nomenclature Committee.Tissue Antigens 58:55-70


• L. J. Kennedy, J. M. Angles, A. Barnes, S. D. Carter, O. Francino, J. A. Gerlach, G. M. Happ, W. E .R. Ollier, W. Thomson, J. L. Wagner.  (2001) Nomenclature for factors of dog major histocompatibility system ( DLA), 2000.  second report of the ISAG DLA Nomenclature Committee..nbsp; Animal Genetics 32:193-199


• L. J. Kennedy, L. Altet, J. M. Angles, A. Barnes, S. D. Carter, O. Francino, J. A.Gerlach, G. M. Happ, W. E. Ollier, A. Polvi, W. Thompson, J. L. Wagner (2000).  Nomenclature for the DLA system, 1998.  First report of the ISAG DLA Nomenclature Committee.  Animal Genetics, 31(1):52-6
• G. M. Happ, E. Aquilla, M. Martick, C. Yuncker, J. W. Wojciechowski, L. E. Fox (1999). DLA-DRB1 histocompatibility genotyping using RT- nested PCR and cycle sequencing.Vet Immunol. Immunopathol. 69:93-100


• L. J. Kennedy, L. Altet, J. M. Angles, A. Barnes, S. D. Carter, O. Francino, J. E. Gerlach, G. M. Happ, W. E. Ollier, A. Polvi, W. Thompson, J. L. Wagner (1999). Nomenclature for factors of the dog major histocompatibility system (DLA), 1998.  First report of the ISAG DLA Nomenclature Committee. International Society for Animal Genetics. Tissue Antigens, 54:312-321

Prion gene sequences in moose and caribou

• G. M. Happ, H. J. Huson, K. B. Beckmen, L. J. Kennedy (2007). Prion protein genes in Alaska caribou. J. Wildlife Diseases 43:224-228


• H. J. Huson and G. M. Happ.(2006). Polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas). Animal Genetics 37:425-426

Canid genetics and physiology

• A. I. Ploshnitsa, M. E. Goltsman, G. M. Happ, D. W. Macdonald, L. J. Kennedy (2011). Historical and modern neutral genetic variability in Mednyi Arctic foxes passed through a severe bottleneck . J. Zoology 289:68-72. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2012.00964.x.


• G. M. Happ, L. Fox and J. Wojciechowski (1998). Can we find genes that contribute to thyroiditis? Doberman Digest Vol. 3, No. 2 (December), pp. 90-91.


• G. M. Happ (1995). Mushing across cyberspace. Mushing Magazine No. 43, p. 8.


• G. Happ and C. Y. Happ (1995). Identifikationvon Genen durch Balkenkodes zur Erkennbarkeit der Gene von Zuchthunden. Schlittenhund Magazine 6/95 September, pp. 54-57.
• G. M. Happ (1995). Plasma glutamine and exercise stress in sled dogs. In (D. Grandjean and J. Vanek, eds.) Proc. 2nd Ann. Internat. Sled Dog Vet. Med. Symp., pp. 102-106.


• G. M. Happ (1995). Thyroiditis: A model canine autoimmune disease. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med.39: 97-139.


• G. M. Happ (1992). Dog DNA fingerprinting - An aid to more informed sled dog breeding Team and Trail July, pp. 12-13.

Proteins from insect accessory reproductive glands

• T. Yaginuma, T. Mizuno, C. Mizunon, M. Ikeda, T. Wada, K. Hattori, O. Yamashita, and G. M. Happ (1996). Trehalase in the spermatophore from the bean-shaped accessory gland of the male mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor: purification, kinetic properties and localization of the enzyme.J. Comp. Physiol. B. 166: 1-10


• G. C. Paesen, X. Feng, and G. M. Happ (1996). Structure of a D-protein gene and amino acid sequence of the highly-repetitive D-proteins secreted by the accessory glands of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1293: 171-176


• X. Feng and G. M. Happ (1996). Isolation and sequencing of the gene encoding Sp23, a structural protein of the spermatophore of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Gene 179:257-266


• G. C. Paesen and G. M. Happ (1995). The B proteins secreted by the tubular accessory sex glands of the male mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, have sequence similarity to moth pheromone-binding proteins. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 25:401-408.


• G. C. Paesen, and G. M. Happ (1994). c-DNA inferred amino acid sequence of a C-protein, a heparin-binding, basic secretion product of the tubular accessory sex glands of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 24: 21-27.


• G. C. Paesen, M. B. Schwartz, M. Peferoen, F. Weyda, and G. M. Happ (1992). Amino acid sequence of Sp23, a structural protein of the spermatophore of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 18852-18857.


• G. M. Happ (1992). Maturation of the male reproductive system and its endocrine regulation. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 37: 303-320


• G. C. Paesen, F. Weyda, and G. M. Happ (1992). Deduced sequences show multiple repeats in two D proteins from the tubular accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 22: 387-398.


• T. Yaginuma, T. Mizumo, C. Mizuno, and G. M. Happ (1992). Trehalase incorporated into the spermatophore from the bean-shaped accessory gland of the male mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Proc. Arthropod. Embryol. Soc. Jpn. 27: 21-23.


• H. Shinbo, M. Kiuchi, and G. M. Happ. (1990) Immunochemical cross-reactivity among proteins in male reproductive systems of a beetle and of wild and domestic silkmoths. In Wild Silkmoths, 88 (H. Akai and Z. S. Wu, eds.), International Society for Wild Silkmoths, pp. 85-92.


• T. Yaginuma  and G. M. Happ (1988).  Trehalase from the bean-shaped accessory glands of the male mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor.  J. Comp. Physiol. 157: 765-770.


• H. Shinbo, T. Yaginuma, and G. M. Happ (1987).  Purification and characterization of a proline-rich secretory protein of an insect spermatophore.  J. Biol. Chem. 262: 4794-4799.


• K. A. Grimnes and G. M. Happ (1986).  A monoclonal antibody against a structural protein in the spermatophore of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera).  Insect Biochem. 16: 635-643.


• K. A. Grimnes,  C. S. Bricker, and G. M. Happ (1986).  Cell type-specific antigens identified with monoclonal antibodies in the accessory glands of male mealworm beetles.  In Progress in Developmental Biology, Part B (H. C. Slavkin, ed.) Alan R. Liss.  New York. pp. 325-328.


• K. A. Grimnes and G. M. Happ (1985).  Partial characterization of the D group proteins of the tubular accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor. Insect Biochem. 15: 181-188.


• P. N. Black and G. M. Happ (1985).  Isolation, partial characterization, and localization of the A and B proteins from the tubular accessory glands of male Tenebrio molitor. Insect Biochem. 15: 639-650.

Insect endocrinology (ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone)

• T. Yaginuma and G. M. Happ (1989).  20-Hydroxyecdysone acts in the male pupa to commit accessory glands toward trehalase production in the adult meal worm beetle (Tenebrio molitor ). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 73: 173-185.


• H. Shinbo and G. M. Happ (1989).  Effects of ecdysteroids on the growth of the post-testicular reproductive organs in the silkmoth, Bombyx mori.  J. Insect Physiol. 35: 855-864.


• G. M. Happ and J. J. Lenoir-Rousseaux (1988).  Points de contrôle du cycle cellulaire en culture primaire in vitro sous l'action de la 20-OH Ecdysone chez le Coléoptère Tenebrio.C. R. Soc. Biol.   182: 400-408.


• T. Yaginuma, H. Kai, and G. M. Happ (1988).  20-Hydroxyecdysone accelerates the flow of cells into the G1 phase and the S phase in a male accessory gland of a mealworm pupa (Tenebrio molitor). Develop. Biol. 126: 173-181.


• K. A. Grimnes and  G. M. Happ (1987).  Ecdysteroids in vitro promote differentiation in the accessory glands of mealworm beetles. Experientia 43: 906-907.


• G. M. Happ, B. J. MacLeod, T. M. Szopa, C. S. Bricker, T. C. Lowell, J. H. Sankel, and C. Yuncker (1985).  Cell cycles in the male accessory glands of mealworm pupae.  Develop. Biol. 107: 314-324.


• T. M. Szopa, J. J. Lenoir-Rousseaux, C. Yuncker, & G. M. Happ (1985). Ecdysteroids accelerate mitoses in accessory glands of beetle pupae.  Develop. Biol. 107: 325-336.


• T. G. Wilson, M.  H. Landers, and G. M. Happ (1982). Precocene I and II inhibition of vitellogenic oocyte development in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Insect Physiol.> 29: 249-254.


• M. H. Landers & G. M. Happ (1980).  Precocene inhibition of vitellogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Experientia  36: 619-620.


• R. J. Lack & G. M. Happ (1976).  Neuroendocrine control of moulting cycle  in mealworms: Bioassay of moulting hormone. J. Insect Physiol. 22: 1123-1125.


• R. J. Lack & G. M. Happ (1976).  Neuroendocrine control of moulting cycle in mealworms: Histology and autoradiography of cephalic components.  Insect Physiol. 22: 1173-1180.

Cytodifferentiation for insect reproduction

• G. M. Happ (1987).  Accessory gland development in mealworm beetles.  In: Molecular Entomology,  UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, (J. Law. ed.) Alan R.Liss. New  York. pp. 433-442.


• K. A. Grimnes, C. S. Bricker, and G. M. Happ (1986).   Ordered flow of secretion from accessory glands to specific layers of the spermatophore of mealworm beetles:  Demonstration with a monoclonal antibody.  J. Exp. Zool. 240: 275-286.


• C. S. Bricker and G. M. Happ (1985).  Ultrastructure of the spermatophore of a mealworm beetle.  Proc. 43rd Annual Mtg. of Elec. Micr. Soc.  Amer. pp. 660-661.


• C. S. Bricker, K. A. Grimnes, & G. M. Happ (1985). Preliminary localization of a cell type specific antigen in the accessory  glands of the male mealworm beetle by electron microscopy.  Proc. 43rd Annual Mtg. of Elec. Micr. Soc. Amer. pp. 584-585.


• G. M. Happ (1984).  Structure and development of male accessory glands in insects.  In: Insect Ultrastructure, Volume 2 (R. King and H. Akai, eds.) Plenum Press,pp. 365-396.


• G. M. Happ (1984).  Chapter 3 -"Major Life Systems" In: Insect Biology (H. E. Evans, senior author) pp. 68-92.  Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.


• G. M. Happ (1984).  Chapter 4 - "Development and Reproduction". In: Insect Biology (H. E. Evans, senior author) pp. 93-140.  Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.


• P. J. Dailey & G. M. Happ (1983).  Cytodifferentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor .  XI. Transitional cell types during establishment of pattern.  J. Morphol. 178: 139-154.


• G. M. Happ (1982).  Control of cell differentiation in the accessory reproductive glands of mealworm beetles. In: The Ultrastructure and Functioning of Insect Cells.  (H. Akai, R. C. King, and H. Maroshi, eds.). pp. 83-86. Soc. for Insect Cells, Japan.


• G. M. Happ, C. Yuncker, & P. J. Dailey (1982). Cytodifferentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor.  VII.  Patterns of leucine incorporation by bean-shaped glands of males.  J. Exp. Zool. 220: 81-92.


• P. N. Black, M. H. Landers, &  G. M. Happ (1982). Cytodifferentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor.  VIII.  Crossed immuno-electrophoretic analysis of terminal differentiation in the postecdysial tubular accessory gland. Develop. Biol.  94: 106-115.


• T. M. Szopa & G. M. Happ (1982).  Cytodifferentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor.   IX. In vitro differentiation of the spermathecal accessory  gland. Cell Tissue Res. 222: 269-281.


• G. M. Happ & C. M. Happ (1982).  Cytodifferentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor.  X.  Ultrastructure of the tubular gland in the male pupa. J. Morphol. 172: 97-112.
• FILLER REF.


• M. J. Grimes & G. M. Happ (1980).  Fine structure of the bean-shaped accessory gland in the male pupa of Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae. Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 8: 281-296.


• P. J. Dailey, N. M. Gadzama, & G. M. Happ (1980). Cytodifferentiation in the accessory gland of Tenebrio molitor. VI.  A congruent map of cells and their secretions in the layered elastic product of the male bean-shaped gland. J. Morphol. 166: 289-322.


• G. M. Happ & C. Yuncker (1978).  Patterns of leucine incorporation in the spermathecal accessory gland of the post-ecdysial adult female Tenebrio molitor.  J. Insect Physiol. 24: 417-421.


• G. M. Happ & C. M. Happ (1977).  Cytodifferentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor: III. Fine structure of the spermathecal  accessory gland in the pupa. Tissue and Cell 9: 711-732.


• G. M. Happ, C. Yuncker, & S. A. Huffmire (1977). Cytodifferentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor: II.  Patterns of leucine incorporation in the tubular glands of post-ecdysial adult males. J. Exp. Zool. 200: 223-236.


• N. M. Gadzama, C. M. Happ, & G. M. Happ(1977). Cytodifferentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor:  I. Ultrastructure of the tubular gland in the post-ecdysial adult male.  J. Exp. Zool. 200: 211-222.


• E. Frenk & G. M. Happ (1976).  Spermatophore of the mealworm beetle: Immunochemical characteristics suggest affinities with male accessory gland. J. Insect Physiol. 22: 891-895.


• G. M. Happ & C. M. Happ (1975).  Fine structure of the spermathecal gland of the mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor L.).  Cell and Tissue Research  162: 253-269.


• Y. C. Wang & G. M. Happ (1974).  Larval development during the nomadic phase of a nearctic army ant, Neivamyrmex nigrescens. Int. J. Insect  Morphol. Embryo. 3: 73-86.


• N. M. Gadzama & G. M. Happ (1974).  The structure and evacuation of the spermatophore of Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Tissue and Cell 6: 95-108.


• G. M. Happ & C. M. Happ (1970).  Fine structure and histochemistry of the spermathecal gland in the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor.  Tissue and  Cell 2: 443-466.


• T. Eisner; J. Shepherd; G. M. Happ (1966). Tanning of grasshopper eggs by an exocrine secretion. Science 152: 95-97.

Symbioses of bark beetles and fungi

• G. M. Happ, C. M. Happ, & J. R. J. Franch (1976). Ultrastructure of the mesonotal mycangium of an ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus dispar (F.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 5: 381-391.


• G. M. Happ, C. M. Happ, & S. J. Barras (1976). Bark beetle-fungal symbiosis III.  Ultrastructure of conidiogenesis in a Sporothrix ectosymbiont of the southern pine beetle. Canad. J. Bot. 53: 2702-2711.


• G. M. Happ, C. M. Happ, & S. J. Barras (1976). Bark beetle-fungal symbiosis. II. Fine structure of basidiomycetous ectosymbiont of the  southern pine beetle. Canad. J. Bot. 54: 1049-1062.


• G. M. Happ, C. M. Happ, & J. R. J. French (1976). Ultrastructure of the mesonotal mycangium of an ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus dispar (F.)  (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 5: 381-391.


• G. M. Happ, C. M. Happ, & S. J. Barras (1971). Fine structure of the prothoracic mycangium, a chamber for the culture of symbiotic fungi in the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis.. Tissue and Cell  3: 295-308.

Insect irridescent virus

• P. N. Black, C. D. Blair, A. Butcher, J. L. Capinera, &  G. M. Happ (1981).  Biochemistry and ultrastructure of iridescent virus type 29. J. Inv. Pathol. 38: 12-21.



• D. C. Kelly, M. D. Ayres, T. Lescott, J. S. Robertson, & G. M. Happ (1979). A small iridescent virus (type 29) isolated from Tenebrio molitor:  a comparison of its proteins and antigens with six other iridescent viruses.  J. Gen. Virol. 42: 95-105